Table 1.
Different Entropy Sources of TRNG
| Entropy source | Keycharacteristics | Advantages | Limitations | Typical applications |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Electric-based | Using electrical noise | Easy to integrate; low cost; compatible with CMOS | Susceptible to EMI, aging; lower entropy if not conditioned | Embedded systems, smart cards, general-purpose chips |
| Photon-based | Based on photon arrival time, path, polarization, etc. | High entropy; inherently random; supports high bit rates | Requires optical components; bulky or expensive | Quantum key distribution (QKD), high-security modules |
| Thermal-based | Exploits thermal noise (Johnson-Nyquist) in resistors or diodes | Simple hardware; widely available | Entropy rate is low; may need amplification and post-processing | Low-power IoT devices, analog sensors |
| Quantum-based | Leverages quantum phenomena | Provably random; highest entropy; strong against modeling | Complex; costly; sensitive to implementation quality | Cryptography, blockchain, secure industrial networks |
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