Review

A comprehensive review of cyber-physical security risks in new power system

School of Cyber Security, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China

^* Corresponding author (email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Received: 24 February 2025
Revised: 29 April 2025
Accepted: 26 June 2025

Abstract

This review systematically examines the multifaceted cyber-physical security risks facing new power systems during the global energy transition, with a focus on three critical dimensions. First, it elucidates real-world instances of Cyber-Physical Coupling Threat (CPCT) to highlight the emergent security challenges associated with transformations and distribution paradigms in power generation. Second, it dissects the traditional security risks at each phase within the Sensing-Transmitting-DecisionMaking-Controlling (STDC) loop, offering a thorough examination of vulnerabilities and potential attack vectors. Third, it explores emerging threats from the Generation-Grid-Load-Storage (GGLS) integration model, which pose severe threats to the stable operation of power system. Finally, synthesizing these insights, this study outlines six future risk categories that demand proactive defense strategies. These findings advance theoretical frameworks to bolster the resilience of low-carbon energy systems, emphasizing adaptive cybersecurity measures for stable and secure power grid operations.