Research Article

Integrated safety and security enhancement of connected automated vehicles using DHR architecture

¹ School of Computer Engineering and Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
² Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, 211111, China
³ China Industrial Control Systems Cyber Emergency Response Team, Beijing, 100040, China

^* Corresponding authors (email: liyufeng_shu@shu.edu.cn (Yufeng Li); caoch@shu.edu.cn (Chenhong Cao))

Received: 21 January 2022
Accepted: 25 November 2022

Abstract

Safety and security are interrelated and both essential for connected automated vehicles (CAVs). They are usually investigated independently, followed by standards ISO 26262 and ISO/SAE 21434, respectively. However, more functional safety and security features of in-vehicle components make existing safety mechanisms weaken security mechanisms and vice versa. This results in a dilemma that the safety-critical and security-critical in-vehicle components cannot be protected. In this paper, we propose a dynamic heterogeneous redundancy (DHR) architecture to enhance the safety and security of CAVs simultaneously. We first investigate the current status of integrated safety and security analysis and explore the relationship between safety and security. Then, we propose a new taxonomy of in-vehicle components based on safety and security features. Finally, a dynamic heterogeneous redundancy (DHR) architecture is proposed to guarantee integrated functional safety and cyber security of connected vehicles for the first time. A case study on an automated bus shows that DHR architecture can not only detect unknown failures and ensure functional safety but also detect unknown attacks to protect cyber security. Furthermore, we provide an in-depth analysis of quantification for CAVs performance using DHR architecture and identify challenges and future research directions. Overall, integrated safety and security enhancement is an emerging research direction.