Open Access
Table 3.
Comprehensive view of the various attack types, countermeasures and their effectiveness
| Attack type | Description | Countermeasures | Effectiveness | Limitations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spoofing | Use of fake biometric traits (photos, masks, recordings) | Liveness detection | High | Can be challenged by advanced deepfakes |
| AI/Deepfake attacks | AI-generated biometric impersonation | AI/ML-based anomaly detection, liveness detection | Medium–High | Requires continuous model updates |
| Data corruption (storage/transmission) | Tampering with biometric data in transit or at rest | Encryption, secures torage | High | Key management complexity |
| Identity theft | Unauthorized use of stolen biometric data | Cancelable biometrics, multi-modal biometrics | Medium | Increased system complexity |
| Unauthorized access to sensitive systems | Attacks on finance, healthcare, and government platforms | Multi-modal biometrics, real-time monitoring | High | Higher processing and usability overhead |
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