Open Access
Review
Table 8.
Information security countermeasures at human-machine interaction layer
| Threats | Countermeasures | Remarks | Representative solutions |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maliciously intruded, manipulated, | Threat modeling of Cobots | Cobots | [161] |
| and compromised systems | Secure access control policy | Cobots | [274] |
| Authentication server | Cobots | [275] | |
| Intrusion detection | Cobots | [276, 277] | |
| Data security protection | Digital twin | [132, 136, 278] | |
| Authentication and access control | Digital twin | [279–281] | |
| Intrusion detection | Digital twin | [132] | |
| Information-physical defense | Digital twin | [162] | |
| User data privacy leakage | Preliminary research | Cobots | [282, 283] |
| Blockchain approach | Digital twin | [284] | |
| Federated learning approach | Digital twin | [285, 286] | |
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