Open Access
Review
Table 5.
Function safety countermeasures at human-machine interaction layer
| Threats | Countermeasures | Remarks | Representative solutions |
|---|---|---|---|
| Direct or indirect | Collision avoidance | Collaborative robotics | [214–216] |
| damage to humans | Advanced skin materials | Collaborative robotics | [130, 217] |
| Trust management mechanisms | Digital twin | [218, 219] | |
| Flexible collaborative robots | Collaborative robotics | [131, 134, 135] | |
| Optimizing communication | Collaborative robotics | [220–222] | |
| Production function limitations, | Productivity optimization | Collaborative robotics | [131, 223] |
| errors, or unavailability | Scheduling optimization | Collaborative robotics | [224, 225] |
| Guaranteeing data consistency | Digital twin | [132, 136] | |
| Safeguarding data freshness | Digital twin | [226] | |
| Efficient resource utilization | Digital twin | [227, 228] | |
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