Open Access
Review
Table 3.
Function safety countermeasures at AI-empowered decision layer
| Threats | Countermeasures | Remarks | Representative solutions |
|---|---|---|---|
| Optimization of aggregation algorithms | Federated learning | [167, 168] | |
| Client anomaly detection | Federated learning | [169–171] | |
| Low-quality unavailable | Decentralized approach | Federated learning | [172–174] |
| computational outputs | Data pre-processing | Large language model | [175–178] |
| Knowledge updating | Large language model | [179–181] | |
| Alleviating hallucinations | Large language model | [182–184] | |
| Explainable work | Large language model | [185, 186] | |
| Asynchronous algorithms | Federated learning | [187, 188] | |
| Efficient communications | Federated learning | [189–192] | |
| Inefficient and overloaded | Resource management | Federated learning | [193–196] |
| resource utilization | Efficient pre-training | Large language model | [110, 111] |
| Parameter-efficient fine-tuning | Large language model | [197–199] | |
| Efficient inference | Large language model | [200–202] | |
| Environmentally friendly | Large language model | [111] | |
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